Boas Shamir (1992) states that charismatic leadership has its effect by heightening the leader’s self-esteem and self-worth, which leads to increased self-efficacy and collective efficacy. It, in turn, develops the followers’ personal identification with the leader, identification with a perceived prestigious and distinctive social group, and the internalisation of the leader’s values.

To research charismatic leadership, one needs to view it as a function of the whole situation. It is leader identity, behaviour, follower identity, sociocultural context and organisational setting all working together concurrently.

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